T\u00fcrk \u00f6zel hukukunda bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerinin en yayg\u0131n ve fonksiyonel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm bi\u00e7imini olu\u015fturan para bor\u00e7lar\u0131, edimin r\u0131zaen ifa edilmedi\u011fi hallerde cebri icra hukukunun en temel inceleme konusunu te\u015fkil etmektedir. Bor\u00e7lunun malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinden alacakl\u0131n\u0131n tatmin edilmesini ama\u00e7layan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, kamu d\u00fczenini ve hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamakla m\u00fckelleftir. Para bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n icras\u0131nda temel ilke, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n alaca\u011f\u0131na en h\u0131zl\u0131, en az masrafla ve en etkin \u015fekilde kavu\u015fmas\u0131 ile bor\u00e7lunun insan onuruna yara\u015f\u0131r bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilme hakk\u0131 aras\u0131nda hukuki bir denge kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu denge, ilaml\u0131 icra ve ilams\u0131z icra yollar\u0131 ile temin edilmekte olup, cebri icra organlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesi her a\u015famada s\u0131k\u0131 \u015fekil \u015fartlar\u0131na ve kanunilik ilkesine tabi k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nPara bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n icras\u0131na ili\u015fkin hukuki rejim, esas itibar\u0131yla 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u015fekillenmekte olup, m\u00fclga ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki bor\u00e7lar hukuku prensipleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu ve usul h\u00fck\u00fcmleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu ile do\u011frudan etkile\u015fim halindedir. \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019nun 42. maddesi, bir miktar paran\u0131n veya teminat\u0131n verilmesini temin etmek amac\u0131yla ba\u015flat\u0131lan takiplerde genel haciz yolunun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 99. maddesi yabanc\u0131 para bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n icras\u0131na ve takip tarihindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme kuru esaslar\u0131na dayanak olu\u015ftururken; ayn\u0131 kanunun 100. maddesi, yap\u0131lan \u00f6demelerin \u00f6ncelikle faiz ve masraflara mahsup edilece\u011fine ili\u015fkin emredici kural\u0131 d\u00fczenlemektedir. Ayr\u0131ca 3095 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri de reeskont ve avans faizi oranlar\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7 icras\u0131ndaki tatbikine yasal zemin sunmaktad\u0131r.
\nHukuki s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve uygulamadaki esaslar de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, para bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n icras\u0131 genel haciz yolu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan alacakl\u0131n\u0131n yetkili icra dairesine sunaca\u011f\u0131 takip talebi ile ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. \u0130cra m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn takip talebine uygun olarak d\u00fczenledi\u011fi \u00f6deme emrinin bor\u00e7luya tebli\u011f edilmesi, takibin m\u00fcteakip a\u015famalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n m\u00fcstakar i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda da s\u0131kl\u0131kla vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, usul\u00fcne uygun \u00f6deme emri tebligat\u0131 yap\u0131lmadan bor\u00e7lunun malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik nihai icra takip i\u015flemlerinin tesis edilmesi, Anayasa ile teminat alt\u0131na al\u0131nan hukuki dinlenilme hakk\u0131n\u0131n ve hak arama h\u00fcrriyetinin ihlali anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Bor\u00e7lunun, \u00f6deme emrinin tebli\u011finden itibaren kanuni s\u00fcresi i\u00e7erisinde borca veya yetkiye itiraz etmesi, ilams\u0131z takibi kendili\u011finden durdurur. Bu durumda alacakl\u0131, takibin devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak ad\u0131na s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde itiraz\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya itiraz\u0131n iptali davas\u0131 a\u00e7makla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\nTakibin kesinle\u015fmesiyle birlikte cebri icran\u0131n en somut evresi olan haciz safhas\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmektedir. Bor\u00e7lunun ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferleri ile \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerdeki alacaklar\u0131 \u00fczerine koyulan hacizler, alacakl\u0131ya bor\u00e7lunun malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tasfiye ettirerek alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahsil etme yetkisi verir. Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu kararlar\u0131nda ifade edildi\u011fi \u00fczere, haczedilmezlik kurallar\u0131 kamu d\u00fczeni ve sosyo-ekonomik dengeler g\u00f6zetilerek dar yorumlanmal\u0131, bor\u00e7lunun ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi i\u00e7in zaruri olan e\u015fyalar\u0131 ile mesleki ara\u00e7lar\u0131 haciz kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve paraya \u00e7evrilmesi a\u015famas\u0131nda ise rasyonel bir de\u011fer tespiti yap\u0131lmas\u0131, hem alacakl\u0131n\u0131n alaca\u011f\u0131na tam kavu\u015fmas\u0131 hem de bor\u00e7lunun m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n sebepsiz yere a\u015f\u0131nmamas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kanuni bir gerekliliktir. Paralar\u0131n payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131nda, birden fazla alacakl\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019nun s\u0131ra cetveline ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanarak adil bir da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ilkesi g\u00f6zetilir.
\nSonu\u00e7 olarak, T\u00fcrk hukukunda para bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n icras\u0131, \u015fekli hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n ve maddi hukuk ilkelerinin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, usul ekonomisi ile hakkaniyet esaslar\u0131n\u0131n hassasiyetle uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dinamik bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. Kanun koyucu, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 korurken bor\u00e7luyu da keyfi muamelelere ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ifa g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerine kar\u015f\u0131 koruyan bir yasal \u00e7er\u00e7eve \u00e7izmi\u015ftir. Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131yla zenginle\u015fen bu hukuki mekanizma, bor\u00e7lunun malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n cebri icra yoluyla nakde \u00e7evrilerek alacakl\u0131ya aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, temel insan haklar\u0131na ve hukukun genel ilkelerine uygun bir prosed\u00fcr dahilinde teminat alt\u0131na almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
T\u00fcrk \u00f6zel hukukunda bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerinin en yayg\u0131n ve fonksiyonel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm bi\u00e7imini olu\u015fturan para bor\u00e7lar\u0131, edimin r\u0131zaen ifa edilmedi\u011fi hallerde cebri icra hukukunun en temel inceleme konusunu te\u015fkil etmektedir. Bor\u00e7lunun malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinden alacakl\u0131n\u0131n tatmin edilmesini ama\u00e7layan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, kamu d\u00fczenini ve hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamakla m\u00fckelleftir. Para bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n icras\u0131nda temel ilke, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n alaca\u011f\u0131na en h\u0131zl\u0131, en az […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3068,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-icra-hukuku"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukuk.name\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3069","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukuk.name\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukuk.name\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukuk.name\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukuk.name\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3069"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/hukuk.name\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3069\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3088,"href":"https:\/\/hukuk.name\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3069\/revisions\/3088"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukuk.name\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3068"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hukuk.name\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3069"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukuk.name\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3069"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hukuk.name\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3069"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}